Tare da ci gaba da haɓakawa da haɓaka fasahar saka tauraron dan adam, an yi amfani da fasaha mai mahimmanci a kowane fanni na rayuwa a rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar bincike da taswira, aikin noma daidai, uav, tuƙi marasa matuƙa da sauran fagage, ingantacciyar fasahar sakawa. ana iya gani a ko'ina.Musamman tare da kammala hanyar sadarwa na sabon ƙarni na tsarin tauraron dan adam kewayawa na Beidou da kuma zuwan zamanin 5G, ana sa ran ci gaba da ci gaban Beidou + 5G zai haɓaka aikace-aikacen fasaha mai ma'ana mai ma'ana a fagagen tsara filin jirgin sama. , Binciken mutum-mutumi, sa ido kan abin hawa, sarrafa kayan aiki da sauran fannoni.Fahimtar fasahar sakawa mai mahimmanci ba za ta iya rabuwa da goyan bayan eriya mai mahimmanci, babban madaidaicin algorithm da babban katin allo.Wannan takarda ya fi gabatar da haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen eriya mai mahimmanci, matsayin fasaha da sauransu.

1. Haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen GNSS babban madaidaicin eriya

1.1 Eriya mai inganci

A cikin FIELD na GNSS, babban madaidaicin eriya wani nau'in eriya ne wanda ke da buƙatu na musamman don kwanciyar hankalin cibiyar lokaci na eriya.Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa shi tare da babban madaidaicin allo don gane madaidaicin matsayi na matakin santimita ko matakin millimeter.A cikin zane na high-daidaici eriya, yawanci akwai musamman bukatun ga wadannan Manuniya: eriya katako nisa, low high riba, non-roundness, yi drop coefficient, gaba da raya rabo, anti-multipath ikon, da dai sauransu Wadannan Manuniya za su. kai tsaye ko a kaikaice yana shafar kwanciyar hankalin tsakiyar lokaci na eriya, sannan kuma ya shafi daidaiton matsayi.

1.2 Aikace-aikace da rarrabuwa na eriya mai inganci

An fara amfani da eriyar GNSS mai girma a fagen bincike da taswira don cimma daidaiton matakin matakin millimita a cikin tsarin aikin injiniyoyi, taswirar topographic da kuma binciken sarrafawa iri-iri.Tare da ingantacciyar fasahar sakawa ta zama mafi girma, ana yin amfani da eriya mai girma a hankali a cikin ƙarin filayen, gami da ci gaba da tashar bincike na aiki, saka idanu na lalacewa, saka idanu kan girgizar ƙasa, auna binciken da taswira, motocin jirage marasa matuƙa (uavs), wuraren daidaito. noma, tuƙi ta atomatik, horar da gwajin tuƙi, injiniyoyin injiniya da sauran wuraren masana'antu, a cikin aikace-aikace daban-daban zuwa buƙatun buƙatun eriya shima yana da bambanci a sarari.

1.2.1 Tsarin CORS, saka idanu nakasu, sa ido kan girgizar ƙasa - eriyar tashar tunani

Babban daidaiton eriya da aka yi amfani da tashar magana ta ci gaba da aiki, ta hanyar lura na dogon lokaci don ingantaccen bayanin wuri, kuma ta hanyar tsarin sadarwa na bayanai a cikin ainihin lokacin watsa bayanai zuwa cibiyar sarrafawa, kuskuren yankin cibiyar sarrafawa bayan gyare-gyaren sigogi don haɓakawa tsarin ƙasa, da tauraro in waas enhance system, da dai sauransu, don aika saƙonnin kuskure zuwa rover (abokin ciniki), A ƙarshe, mai amfani zai iya samun ingantaccen bayanin daidaitawa [1].

A cikin aikace-aikacen sa ido kan nakasu, sa ido kan girgizar kasa da sauransu, saboda bukatar sa ido daidai adadin nakasar, gano kananan nakasa, ta yadda za a iya hasashen afkuwar bala'o'i.

Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙirar eriya mai mahimmanci don aikace-aikace kamar tashar bincike mai ci gaba, saka idanu na lalata da kuma sa ido kan girgizar ƙasa, abin la'akari na farko dole ne ya kasance kyakkyawan yanayin kwanciyar hankali na tsakiyar lokaci da ikon tsangwama-multipath, don samar da ingantaccen lokaci. bayanin matsayi don ingantaccen tsarin daban-daban.Bugu da kari, don samar da yawancin sigogin gyare-gyaren tauraron dan adam kamar yadda zai yiwu, eriya dole ne ta karɓi tauraron dan adam da yawa gwargwadon yiwuwar, tsarin cikakken rukunin mitar guda huɗu ya zama daidaitaccen tsari.A cikin wannan nau'in aikace-aikacen, eriyar tashar magana (eriyar tashar magana) wacce ke rufe duka rukunin tsarin huɗu galibi ana amfani da ita azaman eriyar kallon tsarin.

1.2.2 Bincike da taswira - Eriyar binciken da aka gina a ciki

A fagen bincike da taswira, ya zama dole a tsara eriyar binciken da aka gina a ciki wanda ke da sauƙin haɗawa.Ana gina eriya yawanci a saman mai karɓar RTK don cimma daidaitaccen lokaci da madaidaicin matsayi a fagen bincike da taswira.

Gina-in auna ɗaukar hoto a cikin babban la'akari a cikin ƙirar kwanciyar hankali na mitar, ɗaukar hoto, cibiyar lokaci, girman eriya, da sauransu, musamman tare da aikace-aikacen RTK na cibiyar sadarwa, haɗe tare da 4 g, bluetooth, WiFi duk ginin netcom - a auna eriya sannu a hankali ya mamaye babban kasuwar kasuwa, tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2016 ta yawancin masana'antun masu karɓar RTK, An yi amfani da shi sosai kuma an haɓaka shi.

1.2.3 Gwajin tuƙi da horar da tuƙi, tuƙi mara matuƙi - eriyar aunawa ta waje

Tsarin gwajin tuƙi na gargajiya yana da lahani da yawa, kamar babban farashin shigarwa, babban aiki da ƙimar kulawa, babban tasirin muhalli, ƙarancin daidaito, da sauransu. zuwa kimantawa mai hankali, kuma daidaiton kimantawa yana da girma, wanda ke rage tsadar ɗan adam da na kayan gwajin tuƙi.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tsarin tuki marasa matuki ya haɓaka cikin sauri.A cikin tuki mara matuki, fasahar sakawa na RTK babban madaidaicin matsayi da kewayawa inertial hade matsayi yawanci ana ɗaukarsa, wanda zai iya cimma daidaiton matsayi a mafi yawan mahalli.

A cikin horon tuki na gwajin tuƙi, kamar tsarin marasa amfani, galibi ana auna eriya tare da nau'in waje, buƙatar yin aiki da mitar, eriya mai yawa tare da tsarin da yawa na iya cimma daidaiton matsayi mai girma, siginar multipath yana da takamaiman hanawa, da kyakkyawan muhalli. daidaitawa, ana iya amfani da shi na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin waje ba tare da gazawa ba.

1.2.4 UAV - Madaidaicin eriya uav

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar uav ta haɓaka cikin sauri.An yi amfani da Uav sosai a cikin kariyar shukar noma, bincike da taswira, sintiri na layin wuta da sauran al'amura.A cikin irin wannan yanayin, sanye take da ingantaccen eriya kawai zai iya tabbatar da daidaito, inganci da amincin ayyuka daban-daban.Saboda halaye na babban gudu, nauyi mai haske da ɗan gajeren jimrewa na uav, ƙirar eriya mai inganci ta musamman tana mai da hankali kan nauyi, girman, amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran dalilai, kuma yana fahimtar ƙirar watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye gwargwadon yuwuwar tabbatarwa. nauyi da girma.

2, GNSS matsayin fasahar eriya a gida da waje

2.1 Matsayi na yanzu na fasahar eriya mai inganci na waje

Binciken ƙasashen waje game da ingantaccen eriya ya fara da wuri, kuma an haɓaka jerin samfuran eriya masu inganci tare da kyakkyawan aiki, kamar GNSS 750 jerin eriyar shaƙa ta NoVatel, eriyar jerin Zepryr na Trimble, eriyar Leica AR25, da sauransu, tsakanin eriya. wanda akwai nau'ikan eriya da yawa tare da babban mahimmancin mahimmanci.Don haka, a baya na dogon lokaci, kasuwar eriya ta kasar Sin tana da inganci, ba ta cikin ikon mallakar kayayyakin kasashen waje.Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan goma, tare da Yunƙurin na babban adadin cikin gida masana'antun, kasashen waje GNSS high-madaidaicin eriya yi ba shi da wani fa'ida, amma cikin gida high-daidaici masana'antun fara fadada kasuwa zuwa kasashen waje.

Bugu da kari, wasu sabbin masana'antun eriya na GNSS suma sun ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, irin su Maxtena, Tallysman, da sauransu, wadanda kayayyakinsu galibi kananan eriyar GNSS ne da ake amfani da su wajen yin uav, abin hawa da sauran tsarin.Siffar eriya galibi eriya ce ta microstrip tare da babban dielectric akai-akai ko eriya karkace ta hannu huɗu.A cikin irin wannan nau'in fasahar ƙirar eriya, masana'antun ƙasashen waje ba su da wani fa'ida, samfuran gida da na waje suna shiga lokacin gasa iri ɗaya.

2.2 Halin da ake ciki na fasahar eriya mai inganci ta gida

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, adadin manyan masana'antun eriya na cikin gida sun fara girma da haɓakavelop, irin su Huaxin Antenna, Zhonghaida, Dingyao, Jiali Electronics, da dai sauransu, waɗanda suka haɓaka jerin samfuran eriya masu inganci tare da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha masu zaman kansu.

Misali, a fagen eriya ta tashar tunani da eriyar ma'auni da aka gina a ciki, eriyar shaƙa ta HUaxin ta 3D da cikakken eriyar haɗin netcom ba wai kawai ta kai matakin babban matakin aiki na duniya ba, har ma da biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen muhalli daban-daban tare da babban abin dogaro, tsawon rayuwar sabis da ƙarancin gazawa sosai.

A cikin masana'antar abin hawa, uav da sauran masana'antu, fasahar ƙirar eriya ta aunawa ta waje da eriyar karkace mai hannu huɗu ta kasance balagagge, kuma an yi amfani da ita sosai a aikace-aikacen tsarin gwajin tuki, tuƙi mara matuki, uav da sauran masana'antu. kuma ya samu fa'ida mai kyau na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

3. Halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma tsammanin kasuwar eriya ta GNSS

A shekarar 2018, jimillar adadin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa na zirga-zirgar tauraron dan adam na kasar Sin ya kai Yuan biliyan 301.6, wanda ya karu da kashi 18.3% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2017 [2], kuma zai kai yuan biliyan 400 a shekarar 2020;A cikin 2019, jimillar darajar kasuwar kewayawa ta tauraron dan adam ta duniya Euro biliyan 150, kuma adadin masu amfani da tashar ta GNSS ya kai biliyan 6.4.Masana'antar GNSS na daya daga cikin masana'antu kalilan da suka dakile koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya.Hukumar GNSS ta Turai ta yi hasashen cewa kasuwar kewayawa tauraron dan adam ta duniya za ta rubanya zuwa sama da Yuro biliyan 300 nan da shekaru goma masu zuwa, inda adadin tashoshin GNSS ya karu zuwa biliyan 9.5.

Kasuwancin kewayawa tauraron dan adam na duniya, ana amfani da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, motocin jirage marasa matuki a cikin yankuna kamar kayan aikin tasha shine a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa yanki mafi saurin girma na kasuwa: hankali, abin hawa mara matuki shine babban jagorar ci gaba, abin hawa na gaba mai sarrafa kansa. Na abin hawa dole ne a sanye take da GNSS eriya yana da babban madaidaici, don haka babbar kasuwa bukatar eriyar GNSS tuki atomatik.Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da zamanantar da aikin gona na kasar Sin, za a ci gaba da samun karuwar amfani da na'urorin na'urorin zamani masu dauke da eriya mai tsayin daka, kamar su kare muhalli.

4. Haɓaka haɓakar eriya mai inganci ta GNSS

Bayan shekaru na ci gaba, fasahohi daban-daban na eriya mai inganci na GNSS sun yi girma, amma har yanzu akwai sauran kwatance da yawa da za a karye:

1. Miniaturization: Miniaturization na kayan lantarki shine yanayin ci gaba na har abada, musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen kamar uav da na hannu, buƙatar ƙaramin eriya ya fi gaggawa.Koyaya, aikin eriya za a rage bayan ƙarami.Yadda za a rage girman eriya yayin tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki shine muhimmin jagorar bincike na ingantaccen eriya.

2. Fasahar Anti-multipath: Fasahar anti-multipath na eriya ta GNSS ta ƙunshi fasahar choke coil [3], fasahar kayan fasaha ta wucin gadi [4] [5], da sauransu. Duk da haka, duk suna da rashin amfani kamar girman girman, kunkuntar band. nisa da tsada mai tsada, kuma ba zai iya cimma ƙirar duniya ba.Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don nazarin fasahar anti-multipath tare da halaye na miniaturization da broadband don saduwa da buƙatun aikace-aikacen daban-daban.

3. Multi-aiki: A zamanin yau, ban da eriyar GNSS, eriyar sadarwa fiye da ɗaya tana cikin na'urori daban-daban.Tsarin sadarwa daban-daban na iya haifar da tsangwama iri-iri zuwa eriyar GNSS, yana shafar liyafar tauraron dan adam na yau da kullun.Sabili da haka, haɗin haɗin eriyar GNSS da eriyar sadarwa ana samun su ta hanyar haɗakarwa da yawa, kuma ana la'akari da tasirin tsangwama tsakanin eriya yayin ƙira, wanda zai iya haɓaka matakin haɗin gwiwa, haɓaka halayen halayen halayen lantarki da haɓaka aikin. duk inji.