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Ainihin ka'idar eriya

Tushen ƙa'idar eriya ita ce maɗaukakin igiyoyin igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da canjin wutar lantarki da filayen maganadisu a kusa da shi.A cewar ka'idar Maxwell na filin lantarki, "canza filayen lantarki suna haifar da filayen maganadisu, da kuma sauya filayen maganadisu suna haifar da filayen lantarki".Yayin da tashin hankali ya ci gaba, an gane yaduwar siginar mara waya.

Gain coefficient

Matsakaicin jimlar ƙarfin shigarwar eriya ana kiransa matsakaicin riba mai ƙima na eriya.Yana da ƙarin haske game da ingantaccen amfani da eriya na jimlar ƙarfin RF fiye da madaidaicin kai tsaye na eriya.Kuma an bayyana a cikin decibels.Ana iya tabbatarwa ta hanyar lissafi cewa madaidaicin ƙimar eriya daidai yake da samfurin haɗin kai tsaye na eriya da ingancin eriya.

Ingantacciyar eriya

Rabon wutar lantarki ne da eriya ke haskawa (wato, ƙarfin da ke juyar da ɓangaren igiyar wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata) zuwa shigar da wutar lantarki zuwa eriya.Kullum yana kasa da 1.

Antenna polarization kalaman

Wave na lantarki yana tafiya a sararin samaniya, idan alkiblar filin lantarki ya kasance a tsaye ko yana juyawa bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida, ana kiran wannan wave na polarization, wanda kuma aka sani da igiyar polarization na eriya, ko polarized wave.Yawancin lokaci ana iya raba zuwa polarization na jirgin sama (ciki har da polarization kwance da polarization a tsaye), madauwari polarization da elliptic polarization.

Hanyar polarization

Alkiblar filin lantarki na igiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa ta lantarki ana kiranta shugabanci na polarization.

A polarization surface

Jirgin da aka kafa ta hanyar polarization direction da kuma yaduwa na polarized electromagnetic wave shi ake kira polarization jirgin.

Tsaye polarization

Ƙaƙƙarfan raƙuman radiyo, sau da yawa tare da ƙasa a matsayin daidaitaccen farfajiya.Wave na polarization wanda samansa ya yi daidai da jirgin sama na al'ada na duniya (jirgin tsaye) ana kiransa igiyar polarization ta tsaye.Alkiblar wutar lantarkin ta tana kan kasa.

A kwance polarization

Matsakaicin igiyar ruwa wanda yake daidai da yanayin al'ada na duniya ana kiran shi a kwance polarization wave.Hanyar wutar lantarki ta yi daidai da ƙasa.

Jirgin sama na polarization

Idan madaidaicin madaidaicin igiyoyin lantarki na lantarki ya kasance a madaidaiciyar hanya, ana kiran shi polarization na jirgin sama, wanda kuma aka sani da polarization na layi.Ana iya samun polarization na jirgin sama a cikin sassan wutar lantarki daidai da ƙasa (bangaren kwance) da kuma daidai da saman ƙasa, wanda girman sararin samaniya yana da girman dangi na sabani.Dukansu a tsaye da kuma a kwance polarization lokuta ne na musamman na polarization na jirgin sama.

Da'ira polarization

Lokacin da kusurwar da ke tsakanin jirgin polarization da jirgin sama na al'ada na geodetic na raƙuman rediyo yana canzawa daga 0 zuwa 360 ° lokaci-lokaci, wato, girman filin lantarki ba ya canzawa, alƙawarin yana canzawa tare da lokaci, kuma yanayin ƙarshen filin lantarki. ana hasashe a matsayin da'irar da ke kan jirgin daidai gwargwado zuwa hanyar yaduwa, ana kiran shi madauwari polarization.Za'a iya samun madauwari mai da'ira lokacin da sassa a kwance da a tsaye na filin lantarki suna da daidaitattun amplitudes da bambance-bambancen lokaci na 90° ko 270°.Da'ira polarization, idan polarization surface yana jujjuya tare da lokaci kuma yana da daidai karkace dangantaka da electromagnetic wave shugabanci, shi ake kira dama madauwari polarization;Akasin haka, idan hagu karkace dangantaka, ya ce hagu madauwari polarization.

A elliptical polarized

Idan kusurwar da ke tsakanin jirgin polarization na igiyar rediyo da jirgin sama na al'ada na geodetic yana canzawa lokaci-lokaci daga 0 zuwa 2π, kuma yanayin ƙarshen filin lantarki ana kirga shi azaman ellipse akan jirgin daidai da hanyar yaduwa, ana kiran shi elliptic. polarization.Lokacin da girma da lokaci na abubuwan da ke tsaye da a kwance na filin lantarki suna da dabi'u na sabani (sai dai lokacin da bangarorin biyu suka daidaita), ana iya samun polarization na elliptic.

Eriya mai tsayi, eriya mai matsakaici

Kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don watsawa ko karɓar eriya masu aiki a cikin igiyoyin igiyar igiyar ruwa mai tsayi da matsakaici.Dogayen raƙuman ruwa da matsakaitan raƙuman ruwa suna yaɗuwa kamar raƙuman ruwa na ƙasa da raƙuman sama, waɗanda ke ci gaba da nunawa tsakanin ionosphere da ƙasa.Dangane da wannan sifar yaduwa, eriya mai tsayi da matsakaici ya kamata su iya samar da raƙuman ruwa a tsaye.A cikin eriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa mai tsayi da matsakaici, nau'in tsaye, nau'in L mai jujjuyawa, nau'in T da nau'in laima nau'in eriya ta ƙasa ana amfani da su sosai.Eriya mai tsayi da matsakaici yakamata su kasance da kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa.Akwai matsalolin fasaha da yawa a cikin eriyar igiyar ruwa mai tsayi da matsakaici, kamar ƙaramin tsayi mai tasiri, ƙarancin juriya na radiation, ƙarancin inganci, ƙunƙun madaidaicin fasinja da ƙaramin madaidaicin shugabanci.Don magance waɗannan matsalolin, tsarin eriya sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da girma sosai.

Eriyar gajeriyar igiyar ruwa

Eriya masu watsawa ko karɓa masu aiki a cikin gajeriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa ana kiran su gaba ɗaya gajerun eriyar igiyar ruwa.Gajeren igiyar igiyar ruwa ana watsa shi ne ta hanyar igiyar sama ta hanyar ionosphere kuma yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na rediyo mai nisa.Akwai nau'ikan eriyar gajeriyar igiyar ruwa da yawa, daga cikinsu waɗanda aka fi amfani da su akwai eriya mai ma'ana, eriya a kwance a cikin lokaci, eriyar igiyar ruwa biyu, eriya mai kusurwa, eriya mai siffar V, eriyar rhombus, eriyar kashin kifi da sauransu.Idan aka kwatanta da eriyar dogon igiyar igiyar ruwa, eriyar gajeriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa tana da fa'idodin tsayi mai inganci, mafi girman juriya, inganci mafi girma, mafi kyawun shugabanci, riba mafi girma da faffadan fasinja.

Ultrashort kalaman eriya

Eriya masu watsawa da karɓa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin band ɗin ultrashort wave ana kiran su ultrashort wave eriya.Raƙuman ruwa na Ultrashort suna tafiya ne ta hanyar igiyoyin sararin samaniya.Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan irin wannan nau'in eriya, daga cikinsu akwai eriyar Yaki da aka fi amfani da su, eriyar conical ta tasa, eriyar conical biyu, “reshen jemage” eriyar watsa TV da sauransu.

Microwave eriya

Eriya masu watsawa ko karɓa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin igiyoyin igiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa na igiyar mita, kalaman dicimeter, kalaman centimita da igiyar milimita ana kiranta gaba ɗaya da eriya ta microwave.Microwave ya dogara ne akan yaduwar igiyoyin sararin samaniya, don haɓaka nisan sadarwa, an saita eriya mafi girma.A cikin eriyar microwave, eriyar paraboloid da ake amfani da ita da yawa, eriya paraboloid mai ƙaho, eriyar ƙaho, eriyar ruwan tabarau, eriya mai raɗaɗi, eriyar dielectric, eriyar periscope da sauransu.

Eriya ta hanya

Eriya na jagora wani nau'in eriya ne wanda ke watsawa da karɓar igiyoyin lantarki a cikin takamaiman kwatance ɗaya ko da yawa musamman mai ƙarfi, yayin watsawa da karɓar igiyoyin lantarki a wasu wurare sifili ko ƙanƙanta.Manufar yin amfani da eriya mai watsa alkibla ita ce haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da wutar lantarki da haɓaka sirrin.Babban manufar amfani da eriya mai karɓar kwatance shine ƙara ƙarfin hana tsangwama.

Eriya mara jagora

Ana kiran eriyar da ke haskakawa ko karɓar igiyar wutar lantarki daidai gwargwado a kowane bangare ana kiranta eriyar da ba ta jagora ba, kamar eriyar bulala da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙaramin injin sadarwa, da sauransu.

Wide band eriya

Eriya wacce shugabanci, impedance da kaddarorin polarization suka kasance kusan akai-akai akan babban bandeji ana kiransa eriya mai faɗi.Eriya mai faɗi ta farko tana da eriyar rhombus, eriyar V, eriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa biyu, eriyar mazugi faifai, da sauransu, sabuwar eriyar wideband tana da eriya ta logarithmic, da sauransu.

Gyara eriya

Eriya wacce ke da ƙayyadaddun alkibla kawai a cikin ƙunƙuntaccen madaurin mitar ana kiranta eriya mai kunnawa ko kuma eriya mai kunnawa.Yawanci, shugabanci na eriya mai kunnawa yana kasancewa mai ƙarfi har zuwa kashi 5 na band ɗin kusa da mitar sa, yayin da a wasu mitoci alƙawarin yana canzawa har sadarwa ta lalace.Eriya da aka kunna ba su dace da sadarwar gajeriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa tare da mitoci masu canzawa ba.eriya iri ɗaya - eriya a kwance, eriya mai naɗewa da eriyar zigzag duk eriyar da aka kunna.

Eriya a tsaye

Eriya a tsaye tana nufin eriyar da aka sanya a kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa.Yana da sifofin simmetric da asymmetric, kuma an fi amfani da na ƙarshe.Eriya masu ma'ana a tsaye yawanci ana ciyar da su a tsakiya.Eriyar tsaye mai asymmetric tana ciyarwa tsakanin kasan eriyar da ƙasa, kuma madaidaicin hasken hasken sa yana mai da hankali a cikin hanyar ƙasa lokacin da tsayin ya kai ƙasa da 1/2 wavelength, don haka ya dace da watsa shirye-shirye.Ana kuma kiran eriya ta tsaye ta asymmetric.

Zuba L eriya

An kafa eriya ta hanyar haɗa gubar tsaye zuwa ƙarshen waya ɗaya a kwance.Saboda siffarsa kamar harafin Ingilishi L a juye, ana kiransa da eriya L.γ na harafin Rasha shine baya L na harafin Ingilishi.Saboda haka, γ irin eriya ya fi dacewa.Wani nau'i ne na eriya mai tushe a tsaye.Domin inganta ingancin eriya, sashinta na kwance yana iya hada wayoyi da yawa da aka jera a kan jirgin sama daya kwance, kuma za a iya yin watsi da hasken da wannan bangare ya samar, yayin da radiation da bangaren tsaye yake samarwa.Ana amfani da eriyar L da aka juya gabaɗaya don sadarwar igiyar ruwa mai tsayi.Amfaninsa shine tsari mai sauƙi da haɓaka mai dacewa;Rashin lahani shine babban sawun ƙafa, rashin ƙarfi mara ƙarfi.

T eriya

A tsakiyar waya ta kwance, an haɗa gubar tsaye, wadda ke da siffa kamar harafin Turanci T, don haka ake kiranta T-antenna.Ita ce mafi yawan nau'in eriya mai tushe a tsaye.Bangaren kwance na radiation ba shi da kyau, ana samar da radiation ta ɓangaren tsaye.Domin inganta ingantaccen aiki, sashin kwance kuma yana iya haɗawa da waya fiye da ɗaya.Eriya mai siffar T tana da halaye iri ɗaya da eriya mai siffa ta L.Gabaɗaya ana amfani da shi don sadarwa mai tsayi da matsakaicin igiyar ruwa.

Eriya laima

A saman waya ta tsaye, ana bi da madugu da yawa masu karkata zuwa ƙasa ta kowace hanya, ta yadda siffar eriya ta kasance kamar laima mai buɗewa, don haka ana kiranta eriyar laima.Hakanan wani nau'i ne na eriya mai tushe a tsaye.Halayensa da amfaninsa iri ɗaya ne da eriya masu siffa L- da T.

Bulala eriya

eriyar bulala ita ce eriyar sanda mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa, wacce gabaɗaya ita ce 1/4 ko 1/2 tsawon tsayi.Yawancin eriya bulala suna amfani da raga maimakon waya ta ƙasa.Kananan eriyar bulala sukan yi amfani da harsashin ƙarfe na ƙaramin gidan rediyo azaman hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa.Wani lokaci don ƙara ingantaccen tsayin eriyar bulala, ana iya ƙara wasu ƙananan igiyoyin magana a saman eriyar bulala ko za a iya ƙara inductance zuwa tsakiyar ƙarshen eriyar bulala.Ana iya amfani da eriyar bulala don ƙaramin injin sadarwa, injin hira, rediyon mota, da sauransu.

Eriya tamanin

Wayoyi biyu na tsawon EQUAL, an cire haɗin A tsakiya kuma an haɗa su da abinci, ana iya amfani da su azaman watsawa da karɓar eriya, irin wannan eriya ana kiranta eriya mai ma'ana.Saboda ana kiran eriya a wasu lokuta oscillators, eriya mai ma'ana kuma ana kiran su da'awar oscillators, ko eriyar dipole.Matsakaicin oscillator tare da jimlar tsawon rabin zango ana kiransa oscillator rabi-wave, wanda kuma aka sani da eriyar dipole mai rabi.Ita ce eriya mafi asali kuma wacce aka fi amfani da ita.Yawancin eriya masu rikitarwa sun haɗa da shi.Oscillator na rabin igiyar ruwa yana da tsari mai sauƙi da ciyarwa mai dacewa.Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sadarwar filin kusa.

Cage eriya

Eriya ce mai faxi mai rauni.Silinda ce maras tushe wacce ke kewaye da wayoyi da yawa maimakon jiki guda ɗaya na radiation na waya a cikin eriya mai ma'ana, saboda jikin radiation yana da siffar keji, ana kiransa eriya keji.Ƙungiyar eriyar keji tana da faɗi da sauƙi don kunnawa.Ya dace da sadarwar layin gangar jikin kusa.

Horn eriya

Yana da wani nau'in eriya mai ma'ana, amma hannayensa biyu ba a shirya su a madaidaiciyar layi ba, kuma zuwa cikin 90° ko 120° Angle, wanda ake kira eriya angular.Irin wannan eriya gabaɗaya na'urar kwance ce, alkiblarsa ba ta da mahimmanci.Domin samun faffadan halayen bandeji, hannaye biyu na eriyar angular kuma za su iya ɗaukar tsarin keji, wanda ake kira eriyar keji na kusurwa.

Yayi daidai da eriya

Lankwasa oscillators zuwa eriya mai kama da juna ana kiransa eriya naɗe-haɗe.Akwai nau'i-nau'i da yawa na eriya da aka canza wayoyi biyu, eriya mai jujjuyawar waya uku da eriya da aka canza wa waya da yawa.Lokacin lanƙwasawa, na yanzu a daidai wurin da ke kan kowane layi ya kamata ya kasance cikin lokaci ɗaya.Daga nesa, duk eriyar tana kama da eriya mai ma'ana.Amma idan aka kwatanta da eriya mai ma'ana, an inganta hasken eriyar da aka canza.Matsalolin shigarwa yana ƙaruwa don sauƙaƙe haɗin kai tare da mai ciyarwa.Eriya mai niƙaƙƙen eriya ce mai kunnawa tare da kunkuntar mitar aiki.Ana amfani dashi ko'ina cikin gajeriyar igiyar igiyar ruwa da ultrashort wave.

V eriya

Eriya mai kunshe da wayoyi biyu a kusurwar juna a cikin siffar harafin V. Za a iya buɗe tashar tasha tare da juriya daidai da siffar impedance na eriya.Eriya mai siffar V ba ta kai tsaye ba kuma iyakar watsawa tana cikin jirgin sama a tsaye tare da layin Angle.Rashin amfaninsa shine ƙarancin inganci da babban sawun ƙafa.

Rhombic eriya

Eriya mai fadi ce.Ya ƙunshi DIAMOND mai kwance a kwance akan ginshiƙai huɗu, ɗaya daga cikin lu'u-lu'u yana haɗe da mai ciyarwa a wani madaidaicin kusurwa, ɗayan kuma yana haɗe da juriya ta ƙarshe daidai da halayen eriyar lu'u-lu'u.Yana da unidirectional a cikin jirgin sama a tsaye yana nuni zuwa ga juriya ta ƙarshe.

Abubuwan da ake amfani da eriya na rhombus sune babban riba, karfi mai karfi, bandeji mai fadi, mai sauƙi don saitawa da kulawa;Rashin lahani shine babban sawun sawun.Bayan eriyar rhomboid ta lalace, akwai nau'ikan eriyar rhomboid biyu, amsa eriyar rhomboid da ninke eriyar rhomboid.Ana amfani da eriyar Rhombus gabaɗaya a matsakaici da manyan gajerun tashoshin karɓar raƙuman ruwa.

Eriyar mazugi ta tasa

Eriya ce ta ultrashort kalaman.Saman diski ne (jikin radiyo), wanda ake ciyar da shi ta hanyar jigon layin coaxial, kuma ƙasa shine mazugi, wanda aka haɗa da mai sarrafa waje na layin coaxial.Tasirin mazugi yayi kama da na ƙasa marar iyaka.Canza kusurwar karkatar da mazugi na iya canza madaidaicin alkiblar radiation na eriya.Yana da maɗaurin mitar mitoci matuƙa.